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Face the Music -- 1844

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Richard Maurer - 14 Nov 2006 15:27 GMT
An 1844 use of "face the music":

 1844» Bangor Daily Whig And Courier (Newspaper) -
 July 22, 1844, Bangor ...
 Subscription - Bangor Daily Whig And Courier -
 NewspaperArchive - Jul 22, 1844
 Gentlemen, you must face the music, and pass
 flaming resolutions next time in favor of annexation.
 It will be an awkaward bnsi- ness, but then it must be ...

Some other 1848 uses:
 Zanesville: but some how they don't face the music
 They have no enthusiasm, and they seem t< sneak round,
 as if they were not doubtful how they were coining out

 Sandusky, Ohio: Weller, i FACE THE MUSIC.
 insane flourishes on-uw If to be in readinew
 to answer at bar of his country and the onfl
 But when he is called' nfllntier county ...

 Janesville: The canvass, wo may bo sure,
 is now bcgin- carncst, since tho Union" thows signs
 of tiepidation, and is unwilling to face he music.

Some other 1849 uses:
 Norwalk, Ohio: Taylor out to make him face tlit music
 on Ihe question of slavery.

 Gettysburg: eIPect to -face the music." Let t! ti nor:
 bui Russia demands that the Pol-! tlle subject before
 the Legislature in ish refugees be expelled from Turkey,

Since 1844 is before the Mexican War, "rough music"
is my leading candidate for the origin.

The 1844 issue is at
www.abrahamlincolnarchive.com/Newspapers/na0002/4491/41885.html
but I could only get it from Google cache.

--                       ---------------------------------------------
Richard Maurer              To reply, remove half
Sunnyvale, California       of a homonym of a synonym for also.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Donna Richoux - 14 Nov 2006 15:51 GMT
> An 1844 use of "face the music":
>
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
>   flaming resolutions next time in favor of annexation.
>   It will be an awkaward bnsi- ness, but then it must be ...

Another New England politician.

> Some other 1848 uses:
[snip]

> Since 1844 is before the Mexican War, "rough music"
> is my leading candidate for the origin.

It's good that you found an example from 1844 -- that's earlier than any
of the others in my files.

But what's this 'rough music' of which you speak? I don't see that
mentioned in any of the half-a-dozen speculative theories of the origin
of "face the music."

Bartleby has this -- is it the one? Was it used in the US?

    E. Cobham Brewer 1810-1897. Dictionary of Phrase and
    Fable. 1898.
     
    Rough Music,
     
    called in Somersetshire skimmity-riding, and by the
    Basques toberac. A ceremony which takes place after
    sunset, when the performers, to show their
    indignation against some man or woman who has
    outraged propriety, assemble before the house, and
    make an appalling din with bells, horns, tin pans,
    and other noisy instruments.

Signature

Best -- Donna Richoux

Richard Maurer - 14 Nov 2006 16:09 GMT
   But what's this 'rough music' of which
   you speak? I don't see that mentioned in any
   of the half-a-dozen speculative theories
   of the origin of "face the music."

   Bartleby has this -- is it the one? Was it used in the US?

      E. Cobham Brewer 1810-1897. Dictionary of Phrase and
      Fable. 1898.
     
      Rough Music,
     
        called in Somersetshire skimmity-riding, and by the
        Basques toberac. A ceremony which takes place after
        sunset, when the performers, to show their
        indignation against some man or woman who has
        outraged propriety, assemble before the house, and
        make an appalling din with bells, horns, tin pans,
        and other noisy instruments.

Somebody (not me) mentioned it in aue.
There are some articles and books referenced on the web
about periods and places in England where the practice
went way overboard, some of them around 1840.  I am sure
that sensationalized versions of the stories made their
way to America via newspapers or word of mouth.
"Rough Music" gets 9 hits in  Making of America.

--                       ---------------------------------------------
Richard Maurer              To reply, remove half
Sunnyvale, California       of a homonym of a synonym for also.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Donna Richoux - 14 Nov 2006 22:41 GMT
>     But what's this 'rough music' of which
>     you speak?

[snip definition from Brewer's Phr & Fab]

> Somebody (not me) mentioned it in aue.

I found the post -- it was Alan Jones. He was a bit ambiguous:

    From:      Alan Jones  
    Date:      Sat, Nov 13 2004 10:03 am

    ...But could it be related to the old custom of "rough music", a
    cacophony of ladles, buckets, fire-irons and the like banged and
    clattered outside the house of someone strongly disapproved of by
    the townspeople? If the subject of this abuse decided to open the
    door and stare the protesters down, instead of cowering behind the
    shuttered windows, he would be "facing the music".

Notice that Alan did not say "This was called 'facing the music'." I
read it as him speculating, as "This might have been called 'facing the
music'." If he is with on this thread, perhaps he will confirm or
explain.

> There are some articles and books referenced on the web
> about periods and places in England where the practice
> went way overboard, some of them around 1840.  I am sure
> that sensationalized versions of the stories made their
> way to America via newspapers or word of mouth.

I'm sorry, that reasoning is just too tenuous for me. If "facing the
music" wasn't actually said in England about that custom, I just can't
find it likely that it was said in the US about that custom.

> "Rough Music" gets 9 hits in  Making of America.

We both know how tedious it can be to look up Making of America hits.
I'll look at two...

    Sir Walter Scott, Waverly, dated 1855 (reprint?)
    [describing a festival on the Isle of Man, in which
    two "queens"]  
    set forth from their respective quarters, the one
    preceded by violins and flutes, the other with the
    rough music of the tongs and cleavers. -
     
    Dr. William Smith's dictionary of the Bible --
    but the quicker sense of Moses discerned the rough
    music with which the people worshipped the visible
    representation of God ... the rude character of the
    Hebrew music at this time (Ex. 32), as untrained and
    wild as the notes of their Syrian forefathers.

So both of these are literal references to music that is rough.

I just don't think this is going to go anywhere. "Facing the music"
remains a mystery.

Signature

Best -- Donna Richoux

Roland Hutchinson - 15 Nov 2006 06:59 GMT
> We both know how tedious it can be to look up Making of America hits.
> I'll look at two...
[quoted text clipped - 14 lines]
>
> So both of these are literal references to music that is rough.

The first one does not seem so to me.  It's the mock-serenade/charivary type
of rough music, i.e., noisemaking, isn't it?  Cleavers, not claviers, that
is to say!

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Roland Hutchinson              Will play viola da gamba for food.

NB mail to my.spamtrap [at] verizon.net is heavily filtered to
remove spam.  If your message looks like spam I may not see it.

Donna Richoux - 15 Nov 2006 13:43 GMT
> > We both know how tedious it can be to look up Making of America hits.
> > I'll look at two...
[quoted text clipped - 18 lines]
> of rough music, i.e., noisemaking, isn't it?  Cleavers, not claviers, that
> is to say!

But it had nothing to with wedding customs. "Rough music" had been
defined (previously in this thread) as exclusively pertaining to that.
Does it mean just any old banging on pots? What little kids do for fun?
In which case we are getting even farther from "face the music."

Signature

Best -- Donna Richoux

Mike Lyle - 15 Nov 2006 17:10 GMT
> > > We both know how tedious it can be to look up Making of America hits.
> > > I'll look at two...
[quoted text clipped - 21 lines]
> But it had nothing to with wedding customs. "Rough music" had been
> defined (previously in this thread) as exclusively pertaining to that.

But these "Queen" customs _are_ connected with fertility and weddings
and such. I'd like to know more about the custom Scott describes (even
if it does mean I shall have to read _Waverley_): the scrap above looks
very like some ritualisation of good and bad "brides" or sacrifices, or
dark and light sides. It isn't mentioned in _The New Golden Bough_. In
the first quotation, the distinction between the tool-clashing and real
music is explicit; while in the second "rough" is a qualitiative
description of real music.

> Does it mean just any old banging on pots? What little kids do for fun?
> In which case we are getting even farther from "face the music."

I think we can allow writers a difference between "_the_ rough music"
as a formal community sanction and "rough music" as a term for the same
noise made for different reasons. The practice is quite widespread: I
think of prisoners banging their pans on the bars in protest or in
salute to a condemned man, or housewives in anti-government streets in
Ireland banging pots and pans and dustbin lids as an army patrol went
through.

As it happens, I don't think "face the music" will ever be conclusively
explained; and in any case it needn't have a single origin.

Signature

Mike.

Donna Richoux - 15 Nov 2006 17:53 GMT
> But these "Queen" customs _are_ connected with fertility and weddings
> and such. I'd like to know more about the custom Scott describes (even
> if it does mean I shall have to read _Waverley_): the scrap above looks
> very like some ritualisation of good and bad "brides" or sacrifices, or
> dark and light sides. It isn't mentioned in _The New Golden Bough_.

The page is here -- in the footnote:

http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moa;cc=moa;xc=1;idn
o=aje1890.0007.001;g=moagrp;q1=rough%20music;size=l;frm=frameset;seq=404

Signature

Best -- Donna Richoux

Mike Lyle - 15 Nov 2006 18:59 GMT
> > But these "Queen" customs _are_ connected with fertility and weddings
> > and such. I'd like to know more about the custom Scott describes (even
[quoted text clipped - 6 lines]
> http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moa;cc=moa;xc=1;idn
> o=aje1890.0007.001;g=moagrp;q1=rough%20music;size=l;frm=frameset;seq=404

Thanks for that: fascinating. Also showing at:
http://preview.tinyurl.com/y9lmzy

An interesting variant on the Queen of the May rituals: queens of
spring and of winter with their respective teams battling it out. Did
you get the bit about sacrificing a wren at Christmas? That I did know
about.

Signature

Mike.

John Dean - 15 Nov 2006 19:33 GMT
>>>> We both know how tedious it can be to look up Making of America
>>>> hits. I'll look at two...
[quoted text clipped - 46 lines]
> conclusively explained; and in any case it needn't have a single
> origin.

There's a whole range of meanings for "music" which is not necessarily
connected to melody. Most recently, I recollect finding a reference in
George V Higgins to "music" as a slang or dialect term for a wife's
nagging - some phrase like "If knew I was gonna hafta to listen to all this
music I'd never have told ya".
And OED has a collection over the ages:

b. transf. Applied, e.g., to the song of birds, the murmur of running water,
the euphony of spoken words, etc., spec. the cry of hounds on seeing the
chase. Also in ironical collocations.
  1590 Spenser F.Q. ii. vi. 25 She, more sweete then any bird on bough,
Would+strive to passe+Their native musicke by her skilful art.  1593 G.
Fletcher Licia Sonn. xiv, My love lay sleeping, where birdes musicke made.
1617 Moryson Itin. iii. 28 Clashing of swords was then daily musicke in
every street.  1653 Walton Angler i. 12 What music doth a pack of dogs then
make.  1687 A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 225 With that another Volley
of great and small Shot: When this Musick had lasted about an Hour, they
[etc.].  1751 Johnson Rambler No. 88 37 Milton, whose ear had been
accustomed+to the music of the ancient tongues.  1808 Skurray Bidcombe Hill
9 The cheerful music of the opening hounds.  1836 W. Irving Astoria III. 25
Musquitoes, which, with their stings and their music, set all sleep at
defiance.  1858 R. S. Surtees Ask Mamma xxxviii, The music of the hounds.

I believe we've touched on this one before. But all it would take is a
context where "music" meant something you *could* face (eg the 1687 'volley
of shot') and an appropriate turn of phrase. eg (made-up - I'm not claiming
I know any examples) "The guns of the Spanish fleet made their musick and
the bold tars faced it without flinching." or "The dogs made their violent
musick until the stag turned to face it."
And *if* (big 'if') something like that had been written, then, in some
recondite circle, the shorthand "facing the music" could well have arisen.
Which seems, I think, to lend wright to your persuasive "I don't think it
will ever be conclusively explained" theory, not to mention the "needn't
have a single origin" corollary.
Signature

John Dean
Oxford

Mike Lyle - 15 Nov 2006 21:44 GMT
[...]
> > As it happens, I don't think "face the music" will ever be
> > conclusively explained; and in any case it needn't have a single
[quoted text clipped - 17 lines]
> will ever be conclusively explained" theory, not to mention the "needn't
> have a single origin" corollary.

Solid. But, OT, it's music indeed from a distant pack of hounds: less
agreeable close up. I don't much hold with fox-hunting, but I'd be
atavistically sorry to hear the last of that sound. (A fine example of
beef-witted self-absorption from a huntsman: hounds had run through
next-door's flock, and I remonstrated on his behalf. Said the jolly
huntsman, "They're used to sheep.")

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Mike.

CDB - 15 Nov 2006 23:46 GMT
>>>> We both know how tedious it can be to look up Making of America
>>>> hits. I'll look at two...
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
>>>>      preceded by violins and flutes, the other with the
>>>>      rough music of the tongs and cleavers. -

>>>>  [early hymns]

>>>> So both of these are literal references to music that is rough.
>>>
[quoted text clipped - 12 lines]
> anti-government streets in Ireland banging pots and pans and
> dustbin lids as an army patrol went through.

And charivari was used as an instrument of social coercion, according
to Wiki:

"In charivari, people of the local community gather around to
"celebrate" a marriage, usually one they regard as questionable,
gathering outside the window of the couple. They bang metal implements
or use other items to create noise in order to keep the couple awake
all night. Sometimes they wear disguises or masks[.]

The custom dates from the Middle Ages and originates from France where
it was a regular custom after weddings. Later it became a form of
protest against socially disapproved marriages like widows who
remarried before finishing a socially acceptable period of mourning."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charivari

> As it happens, I don't think "face the music" will ever be
> conclusively explained; and in any case it needn't have a single
> origin.

As George Hamilton (IV?) once put it, "Children of the night -- shut
up!"
izzy - 15 Nov 2006 03:46 GMT
Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2005 06:34:52 +0200
From: Israel Cohen
To: ABOUT-WORDS-L@rootsweb.com
Subject: izzy faces the music

... By the way, I was wrong about the origin of "face the music".

In alt.english.usage, Richard Maurer wrote: [This phrase] is found in
the
1841 play _London Assurance_, by Dion Boucicault and maybe others:
   There was no time to decide on anything, for Max
   was already approaching with Sir Harcourt,
   and it was necessary to face the music.
http://www.umsl.edu/~virtualstl/phase2/1850/events/resources/documents/LondonAss
urance.html


So, this idiom, first attested in American English in 1850, was not
brought to the States by a wave of German-Jewish immigrants in the
1840s. It was brought by Irish immigrants fleeing the potato famine at
the same time. Because the most likely origin of MSK = consequences is
Semitic, this usage may have entered Irish via Moorish sailors who
escaped from ships of the Spanish Armada that broke up on Irish shores
[in 1588] as the consequence of storms in the Irish sea.

izzy

> An 1844 use of "face the music":
>
[quoted text clipped - 38 lines]
> Sunnyvale, California       of a homonym of a synonym for also.
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Donna Richoux - 15 Nov 2006 13:43 GMT
> Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2005 06:34:52 +0200
> From: Israel Cohen
[quoted text clipped - 9 lines]
>     was already approaching with Sir Harcourt,
>     and it was necessary to face the music.

However, you apparently missed that Ben Zimmer immediately corrected
this, saying:

>> That text isn't actually from the 1841 play, but rather from a
>> playbill accompanying a performance of the play in St. Louis. Based
>> on other materials on the site, it appears that the performance was
>> in 1852:
>>http://www.umsl.edu/~virtualstl/phase2/1850/events/perspectives/docume
nts/pbillfocus06.html

>> (I double-checked the text of the play on Chadwyck's "Literature
>> Online" database, and there's no "face the music".)

Signature

Best -- Donna Richoux

izzy - 15 Nov 2006 20:07 GMT
> ... you apparently missed that Ben Zimmer immediately corrected
> this, saying:
> >> That text isn't actually from the 1841 play, but rather from a
> >> playbill accompanying a performance of the play in St. Louis.
> >> Based on other materials on the site, it appears that the
> >> performance was in 1852:
http://www.umsl.edu/~virtualstl/phase2/1850/events/perspectives/documents/pbillf
ocus06.html

> >> (I double-checked the text of the play on Chadwyck's "Literature
> >> Online" database, and there's no "face the music".)

So, if there was no usage in the play itself in Ireland, allow me to
retract my retraction.
This leaves the most likely source of music = consequence as
Yiddish-speaking
German-Jewish immigrants to the USA (especially the Cleveland and
Cincinnati, Ohio areas) in the 1840s. Yiddish MaSQoNeH = inference,
deduction (hence consequence)
is from Hebrew  mem-samekh-kuf-nun-heh MaSQaNaH with the same meanings.

Please note that maSQaNah and SeQueNce are cognate.

But at this World Wide Words web page
http://lloyd.emich.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9912a&L=worldwidewords&D=1&P=96
Michael Quinion wrote:

Q. Do you know the origin of 'face the music'? [Paula Nigro Brown, USA]
A. So far as we can discover, the expression was originally an
American one. The first recorded use is in the _Congressional
Globe_ for 4 March 1850: "There should be no skulking or dodging
... every man should 'face the music'". It seems then to have had
the meaning of facing hardship or danger. Only in the 1860s did it
take on the sense it now usually has, of taking the consequences of
one's actions, or suffering due punishment for some transgression. <<

It is interesting that Hebrew has an MSK homonym mem-samekh-kaf-nun
M'SooKaN which means "dangerous". In other words, both the "dangerous"
and "consequence" meanings are found in the MSK/MSQ sound in Hebrew.

ciao,
Israel "izzy" Cohen
Evan Kirshenbaum - 15 Nov 2006 22:35 GMT
> Since 1844 is before the Mexican War, "rough music"
> is my leading candidate for the origin.

I see one from 1852 that implies that that wasn't how it was thought
of at the time:

   Now that the canvass is over, and the worst is on us, let us not
   fear to answer these questions frankly.  Let us face the music of
   the band that has drummed us to the place of execution; and
   whether as ghostly apparitions, or as survivors of the political
   guillotine, let us ascertain the extent of out punishment, and
   take counsel how we shall soonest escape its deadly atmosphere.

                         _The American Whig Review_, 1852

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John Holmes - 18 Nov 2006 00:26 GMT
>> Since 1844 is before the Mexican War, "rough music"
>> is my leading candidate for the origin.
[quoted text clipped - 10 lines]
>
>                           _The American Whig Review_, 1852

Here's some other music that people were none too keen to face in
earlier days:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQvx0irpgnE
The Mehter bands of the Ottoman Turk armies were supposed to terrify
their opponents.

--
Regards
John
for mail: my initials plus a u e
at tpg dot com dot au
Leslie Danks - 18 Nov 2006 13:45 GMT
[...]

> Here's some other music that people were none too keen to face in
> earlier days:
> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQvx0irpgnE
> The Mehter bands of the Ottoman Turk armies were supposed to terrify
> their opponents.

Not to mention donkey jaws and bagpipes:

http://tinyurl.com/ylyqad
<quote>
Why “Donkey Jaw?”
The first and probably most striking appearance of a donkey jaw in
history was when Sampson slew a thousand Philistines using a
donkey jaw as his weapon. It has remained as a symbol of power
since that day.
The actual jaws from donkey skeletons have been used as musical
instruments in South America, especially Peru, since antiquity. Its
first use, like bagpipes, most likely was to strike terror into the
hearts of enemies in battle. When struck, the teeth, which are still
encased in the jaw bone, produce a distinct rattling sound, which is
so popular in music that an instrument, the quijada, has been
designed to mimic the sound.
<unquote>

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Les

Evan Kirshenbaum - 18 Nov 2006 15:48 GMT
[quoting]

> The actual jaws from donkey skeletons have been used as musical
> instruments in South America, especially Peru, since antiquity.

For values of "antiquity" that don't extend back all that far.
Donkeys first hit this hemisphere in 1495, and probably didn't hit
Peru until a fair bit after that.

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Donna Richoux - 15 Nov 2006 23:10 GMT
> An 1844 use of "face the music":
>
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
>   flaming resolutions next time in favor of annexation.
>   It will be an awkaward bnsi- ness, but then it must be ...
[snip]

> The 1844 issue is at
> www.abrahamlincolnarchive.com/Newspapers/na0002/4491/41885.html
> but I could only get it from Google cache.

Richard, can you tell me exactly where you did find this? I haven't
succeeded in duplicating it, but I'm probably not looking in the right
place.

Signature

Best -- Donna Richoux

Richard Maurer - 15 Nov 2006 23:31 GMT
Richard Maurer wrote:
   An 1844 use of "face the music":

     1844» Bangor Daily Whig And Courier (Newspaper) -
     July 22, 1844, Bangor ...
     Subscription - Bangor Daily Whig And Courier -
     NewspaperArchive - Jul 22, 1844
     Gentlemen, you must face the music, and pass
     flaming resolutions next time in favor of annexation.
     It will be an awkaward bnsi- ness, but then it must be ...

   [snip]

   The 1844 issue is at
   www.abrahamlincolnarchive.com/Newspapers/na0002/4491/41885.html
   but I could only get it from Google cache.

   Richard, can you tell me exactly where you
   did find this? I haven't succeeded in duplicating it,
   but I'm probably not looking in the right place.

One way is to do a normal Google web search for
 <"flaming resolutions next time in favor">
I used the cached result (Confirmed as of 3 minutes ago.)

--                       ---------------------------------------------
Richard Maurer              To reply, remove half
Sunnyvale, California       of a homonym of a synonym for also.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Donna Richoux - 15 Nov 2006 23:59 GMT
> Richard Maurer wrote:
>     An 1844 use of "face the music":
[quoted text clipped - 18 lines]
>   <"flaming resolutions next time in favor">
> I used the cached result (Confirmed as of 3 minutes ago.)

Sad to say, that doesn't work for me. I had tried the same technique
with a different phrase before I asked you. All I got (and what I get
now) was a copy of your own post in some sort of Japanese edition of
this group:
 groups.google.co.jp/group/ alt.usage.english?lnk=rgr&hl=ja

Nothing else.

Can you possibly give me some sort of URL, please? I found some
collections of Bangor Daily Whig on line, but this passage didn't turn
up there, either.

Signature

Sadly -- Donna Richoux

Skitt - 16 Nov 2006 00:16 GMT
>> Richard Maurer wrote:
>>     An 1844 use of "face the music":
[quoted text clipped - 30 lines]
> collections of Bangor Daily Whig on line, but this passage didn't turn
> up there, either.

Try http://tinyurl.com/yca845
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Skitt (in Hayward, California)
http://www.geocities.com/opus731/

Donna Richoux - 16 Nov 2006 13:25 GMT
> >> Richard Maurer wrote:
> >>     An 1844 use of "face the music":
[quoted text clipped - 6 lines]
> >>
> >>     [snip]
[snip]

> > Can you possibly give me some sort of URL, please? I found some
> > collections of Bangor Daily Whig on line, but this passage didn't turn
> > up there, either.
>
> Try http://tinyurl.com/yca845

Thank you, Skitt. That one opens up as one solid block of text, but at
least it opens.

What a wild mixup of scanned-OCR text. I can get the gist of these:

    voted (or L'olk   [must be, "voted for Polk"]  
     
    I or by theslightesttndications
    in any quarter giv- ing such a suppoMlion Ibe
    appearance of and :B

Can anyone make sense of the middle of this one?

    Democratic Principles i we are told never change.
    Butlestthe fuiget.HrhaMheyare, to see ihem aet forth
    in State and county Conventions.

Anyway, the phrase in question does appear to be valid. The date at the
top of the page is very clear. I wish we knew who said it, whether he
was a military man, for example, The gibberish before the passage
appears to name the speakers and the Maine towns.

    Sewall Cram, Esc ot Wilton and E. L Gctcln 11, Esq., ot Water- I
    was any opposition or objection to the resolution i m the
    Convention. Indeed, it is in perfect unijnn with the tone of the
    Ape and every other Loco Foco press in Maine at that time. The
    Convention will soon meetauain we sup- pose at the fame piece, and
    we shall then see whether Democratic pimciples' have and whether a
    similar resolution will pass there11 again. Gentlemen, you must
    face the music, and pass flaming resolutions next time in favor of
    annexation. It will be an awkaward bnsi- ness, but then it must be
    done. Your southern j masters require it; the Texas speculators
    require I it; the whole Po kat party require it; but we> cannot say
    that Democratic' consistency dots 'require it.

I feel like I'm reading Middle English with all those erratic spellings.

The "Loco-Foco" party turns out to be real, not a mistake -- it was a
name (or nickname) of an early version of the Democratic Party.

Yes, Googling "Sewall Cram" shows he was a town official of Wilton,
Maine 1842-46.

This is the future's version of the past, you know - scan 'em poorly and
throw away the originals. Who has time to do it right?

Signature

Best -- Donna Richoux

Garrett Wollman - 16 Nov 2006 17:36 GMT
>The "Loco-Foco" party turns out to be real, not a mistake -- it was a
>name (or nickname) of an early version of the Democratic Party.

The Democratic Party has always been the Democratic Party.
A "loco-foco" was an early kind of self-igniting match.  The
"loco-focos" were a branch of the Democratic Party, specifically in
New York; see
<http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy665.html> for the
details.

The "loco-foco" match was invented at around the same time as the
railroad industry was getting started; it's thought that the nickname
arose from false analogy with "locomotive".  It was later replaced by
safer, more reliable match designs.  (There's an entertaining Asimov
essay from about twenty-five years ago which goes into this in some
detail: "The Light-Bringer", which was collected in either /The
Subatomic Monster/ or /The Relativity of Wrong/ -- I forget which.)

-GAWollman

Signature

Garrett A. Wollman   | The real tragedy of human existence is not that we are
wollman@csail.mit.edu| nasty by nature, but that a cruel structural asymmetry
Opinions not those   | grants to rare events of meanness such power to shape
of MIT or CSAIL.     | our history. - S.J. Gould, Ten Thousand Acts of Kindness

 
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