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Licenced to sell

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Ed Cryer - 24 Sep 2009 13:01 GMT
There's a pet store near us, and on the wall it has a sign "Licenced to
sell animals".
That should be "licensed".
One has a licence, but one is licensed.
Similarly one can practise, but one has a practice.
However, one exercises and takes exercise.

I thought I might be able to find the reasons for all that in Latin, but
I can't. Nor in French.

Does anybody know the reason?

Ed
Peter Duncanson (BrE) - 24 Sep 2009 14:04 GMT
>There's a pet store near us, and on the wall it has a sign "Licenced to
>sell animals".
>That should be "licensed".
>One has a licence, but one is licensed.

Ah, but... "licenced" can also mean issued with a licence.

The difference between "licensed" and "licenced" is similar to that
between "certified" and "certificated".

Also the verb has the alternative spellings "license" and "licence". The
latter is the earlier.

That is in the UK. In the US, the nound is "license", and "licensed"
means both "been given permission" and "issued with a license".

>Similarly one can practise, but one has a practice.
>However, one exercises and takes exercise.
[quoted text clipped - 3 lines]
>
>Does anybody know the reason?

The OED's comment on the spelling in the article on the noun "licence"
is:

   The spelling license, though still often met with, has no
   justification in the case of the n. In the case of the vb., on the
   other hand, although the spelling licence is etymologically
   unobjectionable, license is supported by the analogy of the rule
   universally adopted in the similar pairs of related words, practice
   n., practise vb., prophecy n., prophesy vb. (The rule seems to have
   arisen from imitation of the spelling of pairs like advice n.,
   advise vb., which expresses a phonetic distinction of historical
   origin.) A slight argument for preferring the s form in the vb. may
   be found in the existence of the derivatives licensable and
   licensure (U.S.) which could not conveniently be spelt otherwise.
     Johnson and Todd give only the form license both for the n. and
   the vb., but the spelling of their quots. conforms, with one
   exception, to the rule above referred to, which is recognized by
   Smart (1836), and seems to represent the now prevailing usage. Late
   19th-c. Dicts., however, almost universally have license both for n.
   and vb., either without alternative or in the first place.

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Peter Duncanson, UK
(in alt.usage.english)

Steve Hayes - 24 Sep 2009 18:44 GMT
>There's a pet store near us, and on the wall it has a sign "Licenced to
>sell animals".
[quoted text clipped - 7 lines]
>
>Does anybody know the reason?

Makes it easier to tell when its a noun and when its a verb, at least in
writing, since they are pronounced the same.

There are differnt pronunciations, however, for

advise and advice
prophesy and prophecy

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Steve Hayes from Tshwane, South Africa
Web:  http://hayesfam.bravehost.com/stevesig.htm
Blog: http://methodius.blogspot.com
E-mail - see web page, or parse: shayes at dunelm full stop org full stop uk

Ed Cryer - 24 Sep 2009 19:30 GMT
>>There's a pet store near us, and on the wall it has a sign "Licenced
>>to
[quoted text clipped - 18 lines]
> advise and advice
> prophesy and prophecy

There's a whole set of words which can be either noun or verb,
differentiated by where the stress comes; first syllable for noun,
second for verb.
Some examples;
contact
convert
advert
abstract
exploit
increase
reject

Ed
Nick Spalding - 24 Sep 2009 20:26 GMT
Ed Cryer wrote, in <h9gdtr$ddj$1@news.eternal-september.org>
on Thu, 24 Sep 2009 19:30:01 +0100:

> >>There's a pet store near us, and on the wall it has a sign "Licenced
> >>to
[quoted text clipped - 24 lines]
> Some examples;
> contact
Both first syllable in MyE

> convert
> advert
Ok for the verb, the noun is an abomination

> abstract
> exploit
> increase
> reject
Signature

Nick Spalding
BrE/IrE

Richard Chambers - 24 Sep 2009 21:19 GMT
> There's a pet store near us, and on the wall it has a sign "Licenced to
> sell animals".
[quoted text clipped - 7 lines]
>
> Does anybody know the reason?

The reason for this is that the English language is full of this sort of
nonsense.

Can anybody explain why "four" and "fourteen" both have a "u", but "forty"
does not?

English is an elitist language, with the rules of spelling determined by a
self-appointed elite operating from universities and from the Oxford
University Press, abetted by Webster's. "I can spell, and you can not.
Therefore, I am the elite, and you are the hoi-poloi". That seems to be the
attitude. By this means, the self-appointed elite can maintain their
position in society, on the basis of a petty  ephemera, throughout the
English-speaking world.

This is the fault of the elitist Samuel Johnson, who decided that spellings
should be based upon the linguistic source of the word. Words derived from
the Greek, Latin, French and Saxon sources therefore have different rules of
spelling. The result is a non-phonetic chaos of spelling, the only
justification being elitism. "I am a polymath familiar with Greek and Latin,
not to mention Lower Saxon. You are not".

With all these obstacles thrown in the path of young children learning to
read and write, it is not surprising that so many of them, at the lower end
of the intelligence scale, fail. Britain, and other countries of the
English-speaking world, have relatively high rates of illiteracy compared
with other countries of the developed world. Countries that have phonetic
spellings (such as Spain and Germany) have lower rates of illiteracy. This
is the social cost of our elitism.

Richard Chambers       Leeds   UK.
Bertel Lund Hansen - 24 Sep 2009 21:37 GMT
Richard Chambers skrev:

> This is the fault of the elitist Samuel Johnson, who decided that spellings
> should be based upon the linguistic source of the word. Words derived from
> the Greek, Latin, French and Saxon sources therefore have different rules of
> spelling. The result is a non-phonetic chaos of spelling, the only
> justification being elitism. "I am a polymath familiar with Greek and Latin,
> not to mention Lower Saxon. You are not".

Danish is not quite as bad as English in this respect, but
close - and we spell as we do for the same linguistic reasons
that you mention. I am not sure that it is an elite attitude. The
protests regarding minuscule changes in the spelling (we have a
board that defines correct spelling - usually making things
easier) produces protests from many different people.

The most funny ones are those defending a spelling they do not
themselves master in their protest.

Signature

Bertel, Denmark

Peter Duncanson (BrE) - 24 Sep 2009 22:02 GMT
>> There's a pet store near us, and on the wall it has a sign "Licenced to
>> sell animals".
[quoted text clipped - 36 lines]
>spellings (such as Spain and Germany) have lower rates of illiteracy. This
>is the social cost of our elitism.

Which dialect would you choose to be The One whose pronunciation will
the basis of the phonetic spelling?

Signature

Peter Duncanson, UK
(in alt.usage.english)

James Hogg - 24 Sep 2009 22:16 GMT
Quoth "Peter Duncanson (BrE)" <mail@peterduncanson.net>, and I
quote:

>>> There's a pet store near us, and on the wall it has a sign "Licenced to
>>> sell animals".
[quoted text clipped - 39 lines]
>Which dialect would you choose to be The One whose pronunciation will
>the basis of the phonetic spelling?

That's a very good question. If they choose my non-elite dialect
there will continue to be a difference between "four/fourteen"
and "forty", reflecting two different vowel sounds.

Signature

James
(BrE with a distinctly septentrional flavour)

Richard Chambers - 24 Sep 2009 22:53 GMT
Peter Duncanson (BrE) asked [on the issue of phonetic spelling]:-

> Which dialect would you choose to be The One whose pronunciation will
> the basis of the phonetic spelling?

I find this to be a very tired argument, which is always brought up in
defence of the status quo. The Spanish language has phonetic spelling, yet
there are wide differences of regional pronunciation across Spain and in
Latin America. The issue presents no real problem for speakers of Spanish.

I can understand without difficulty any mainstream speaker from any of the
four constituent countries of the UK, and from the Irish Republic. By a
"mainstream" Scottish accent (for example), I mean an  accent that everybody
from Scotland can understand. If most Scots can understand it, then so can
I.

In the same terms, I can understand all mainstream speakers from the USA,
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and most Commonwealth
countries.

I would therefore propose a mainstream USA accent as the standard for
phonetic spelling, on the grounds that America, with a population five times
that of the UK, is the largest single block of English speakers. I might
even propose the accent of President Obama as the standard for phonetic
spelling. Everybody can clearly hear every word that he says.

This does not mean that I would expect the spoken word in  Britain and
Australia to change into Obama English. We (in Britain) would have to learn
a few non-phonetic spellings, such as Norleens (=New Orleans). In the
written language we would buy a "noo pair uv shoos", but in the spoken
language we would still buy "a nyoo pair uv shoos".

Therefore, for non-USAmericans, we would still need to learn a small number
of non-phonetic spellings. This number would be much less than that of the
complicated non-phonetic spelling system we currently use.

Richard Chambers       Leeds   UK.
Bertel Lund Hansen - 24 Sep 2009 23:08 GMT
Richard Chambers skrev:

> > Which dialect would you choose to be The One whose pronunciation will
> > the basis of the phonetic spelling?

> I find this to be a very tired argument, which is always brought up in
> defence of the status quo.

Maybe one doesn't defend anything but merely wants to point out
what a difficulty the choice will present. Not that I don't agree
with your reasoning and choice, but judging from the trouble
small changes in spelling provoke in some countries that I know
about, you will never convince the whole world to follow a
revised spelling.

> The Spanish language has phonetic spelling, yet
> there are wide differences of regional pronunciation across Spain and in
> Latin America. The issue presents no real problem for speakers of Spanish.

Maybe the spelling was phonetic before the language split up?
That would make a huge difference. I believe that the spelling is
pretty much (completely?) unchanged through several centuries.

But it *is* a nice feature with Spanish that one can master the
pronunciation within a few months. German is not as strict, but
it has far fewer spelling variations than English and Danish.

Signature

Bertel, Denmark

Robert Bannister - 25 Sep 2009 02:08 GMT
> Richard Chambers skrev:
>
[quoted text clipped - 22 lines]
> pronunciation within a few months. German is not as strict, but
> it has far fewer spelling variations than English and Danish.

When I started learning German, the only non-phonetically spelt words
were a few with French Gs and a couple of English words like "Jazz".
Today, there are so many anglicisms, it's not very phonetic at all.

Signature

Rob Bannister

Guy Barry - 25 Sep 2009 08:01 GMT
> When I started learning German, the only non-phonetically spelt words
> were a few with French Gs and a couple of English words like "Jazz".

Pronounced similarly to English "chess", confusingly...

--
Guy Barry
Bertel Lund Hansen - 25 Sep 2009 09:26 GMT
Guy Barry skrev:

> > were a few with French Gs and a couple of English words like "Jazz".

> Pronounced similarly to English "chess", confusingly...

German has only two a-sounds (a and ä). When pronouncing an
English a-sound they choose the closest German sound. That means
that they have to choose between "jars" and "jess".

Another similar example is the loan word "captain" which can be
heard in English movies. Germans substitute the original
soundtrack with German voices. "Captain" is pronounced with the
a-sound like in "cape". A bit strange since they have the German
word "Kapitän".

Signature

Bertel, Denmark

Steve Hayes - 25 Sep 2009 11:33 GMT
>Guy Barry skrev:
>
[quoted text clipped - 9 lines]
>heard in English movies. Germans substitute the original
>soundtrack with German voices.

Oy!  Preposition-word order

Should be: Germans substitute German voices FOR the original soundtrack.

In chairman, oder Englisch, I know how to count down
Und I'm lairning Chinese, says Werner von Braun.

Signature

Steve Hayes from Tshwane, South Africa
Web:  http://hayesfam.bravehost.com/stevesig.htm
Blog: http://methodius.blogspot.com
E-mail - see web page, or parse: shayes at dunelm full stop org full stop uk

Reinhold {Rey} Aman - 25 Sep 2009 19:24 GMT
[...]
> German has only two a-sounds (a and ä).

Nonsense; <ä> is a variant of E = an "open E" (as in _Täter_), not a
variant of A.

> When pronouncing an English
> a-sound they choose the closest German sound. That means
[quoted text clipped - 4 lines]
> soundtrack with German voices. "Captain" is pronounced with the
> a-sound like in "cape".

Nonsense; no educated German says "Keyptn" (with a diphthong) but
"Käptn" or "Keptn" (with a monophthong); i.e., with an "open E" or a
"closed E".

> A bit strange since they have the German word "Kapitän".

Irrelevant.

Signature

~~~ Reinhold {Rey} Aman ~~~

Bertel Lund Hansen - 25 Sep 2009 21:07 GMT
Reinhold {Rey} Aman skrev:

> > soundtrack with German voices. "Captain" is pronounced with the
> > a-sound like in "cape".

> Nonsense;

Not quite, but my explanation was lacking.

> no educated German says "Keyptn" (with a diphthong) but
> "Käptn" or "Keptn" (with a monophthong); i.e., with an "open E" or a
> "closed E".

Precisely what I meant. I even believe that uneducated Germans do
the same.

> > A bit strange since they have the German word "Kapitän".

> Irrelevant.

No. Since they translate all the other English words, it would be
logical to also translate "captain". I suppose it is a compromise
to ease the lipsync.

Signature

Bertel, Denmark

Robert Bannister - 26 Sep 2009 00:25 GMT
> Reinhold {Rey} Aman skrev:
>
[quoted text clipped - 19 lines]
> logical to also translate "captain". I suppose it is a compromise
> to ease the lipsync.

I think something like this occurs in all languages when representing
foreigners. Have you noticed how the foreigners all speak perfect
[whatever language the book/film uses], but still use their native
language for yes, no, Mr, Mrs, etc? - In other words, the words that are
kept foreign are the very ones that people first learn, which don't
include "captain".

Some modern novels and films do go the other way and give us quite
obscure titles and acronyms, especially if they are about Germans in
WWII or Russians during the Cold War, but there aren't too many like that.

Signature

Rob Bannister

Roland Hutchinson - 26 Sep 2009 07:04 GMT
> Reinhold {Rey} Aman skrev:
>
[quoted text clipped - 10 lines]
> Precisely what I meant. I even believe that uneducated Germans do the
> same.

/E/ as in "Handy" is another example in a German loan-word.

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Roland Hutchinson       

He calls himself "the Garden State's leading violist da gamba,"
... comparable to being ruler of an exceptionally small duchy.
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Robert Bannister - 26 Sep 2009 00:16 GMT
>> When I started learning German, the only non-phonetically spelt words
>> were a few with French Gs and a couple of English words like "Jazz".
>
> Pronounced similarly to English "chess", confusingly...

But some of my German friends would jokingly pronounce it "yatz".

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Rob Bannister

Bertel Lund Hansen - 25 Sep 2009 09:20 GMT
Robert Bannister skrev:

> When I started learning German, the only non-phonetically spelt words
> were a few with French Gs and a couple of English words like "Jazz".
> Today, there are so many anglicisms, it's not very phonetic at all.

I read and write in the German language group. The number of
anglicisms is not overwhelming.

As a Dane I feel that we are bombarded with English words and
expressions - English is a very popular language in Denmark.
Nevertheless a count has shown that Danish words accounts for
more than 95 % of ordinary Danish texts.

Signature

Bertel, Denmark

Jeffrey Turner - 25 Sep 2009 16:29 GMT
> Robert Bannister skrev:
>
[quoted text clipped - 9 lines]
> Nevertheless a count has shown that Danish words accounts for
> more than 95 % of ordinary Danish texts.

I can tell you that if one out of twenty words in anything I read
were Danish, I'd be at least confused if not overwhelmed.

--Jeff

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depended upon an abundant supply of
the poor. --Voltaire

Bertel Lund Hansen - 25 Sep 2009 16:38 GMT
Jeffrey Turner skrev:

> > Nevertheless a count has shown that Danish words accounts for
> > more than 95 % of ordinary Danish texts.

> I can tell you that if one out of twenty words in anything I read
> were Danish, I'd be at least confused if not overwhelmed.

If you had been bombarded daily with Danish from you were born,
you wouldn't be. English is heard in every Danish home every day.
It is taught in school from fourth grade (age 11+).

But the 'non-danish' words I refered to are normal Danish words,
only borrowed from a foreign language. Only seldom do completely
new English words appear - and then we are probably talking about
technical literature.

Signature

Bertel, Denmark

Robert Bannister - 26 Sep 2009 00:31 GMT
> Robert Bannister skrev:
>
[quoted text clipped - 9 lines]
> Nevertheless a count has shown that Danish words accounts for
> more than 95 % of ordinary Danish texts.

A Danish friend of mine, who had lived in Australia for over 35 years,
told me after his first visit back to Denmark that "they're all speaking
German". I think he meant the Danish language had changed since his
youth, rather than that the Danes were really speaking German.

English words in German are perhaps subject-related. If you read about
computers, pop music or some other specialist field, you can run into a
lot of English. I am always amazed how Germans just know which gender to
ascribe to newly imported words, although there are things like der/das
Poster.

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Rob Bannister

Bertel Lund Hansen - 26 Sep 2009 11:52 GMT
Robert Bannister skrev:

> lot of English. I am always amazed how Germans just know which gender to
> ascribe to newly imported words, although there are things like der/das
> Poster.

They don't just know. In the German language group they sometimes
discuss precisely this in connection with different words.

We see the same in Danish. What happens is that we have a period
with confusion, and then after some time one gender becomes the
most widely used, and gradually this then becomes the correct
one.

I think we tend to use associations. Take the word "joystick"
which has been Danish for some time. Some people associate it
with "en tændstik" (a match) and others associate it with "et
stik" (an electrical device on the wall to plug into - is this
called a point?). At present both genders are correct.

Signature

Bertel, Denmark

R H Draney - 26 Sep 2009 19:15 GMT
Bertel Lund Hansen filted:

>We see the same in Danish. What happens is that we have a period
>with confusion, and then after some time one gender becomes the
[quoted text clipped - 6 lines]
>stik" (an electrical device on the wall to plug into - is this
>called a point?). At present both genders are correct.

As is appropriate when joy is involved....r

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A pessimist sees the glass as half empty.
An optometrist asks whether you see the glass
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Peter Moylan - 27 Sep 2009 01:40 GMT
> Bertel Lund Hansen filted:
>> We see the same in Danish. What happens is that we have a period
[quoted text clipped - 9 lines]
>
> As is appropriate when joy is involved....r

I can never suppress a feeling of irritation when I hear "gender" to
mean "sex". Yes, I know it's a lost cause. Still, it leads me to
wonder whether the same substitution would be impossible in Danish,
where the two genders are *not* masculine and feminine.

In the course of writing the above paragraph, I googled to
double-check my belief about the Danish grammatical genders.
Googling on "Danish gender" turned up a whole lot of articles
about the "Danish gender wage gap". Does that mean that neuters
are paid less in Denmark?

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For an e-mail address, see my web page.

Bertel Lund Hansen - 27 Sep 2009 02:44 GMT
Peter Moylan skrev:

> I can never suppress a feeling of irritation when I hear "gender" to
> mean "sex". Yes, I know it's a lost cause. Still, it leads me to
> wonder whether the same substitution would be impossible in Danish,
> where the two genders are *not* masculine and feminine.

We cannot say "sex" about grammatical gender. "Sex" means "sexual
intercourse", but we have a few combinations where it's more
neutral, like "unisex" for clothes that can be worn by both men
and women (or for bikes).

We have another word that can be used in both a sexual and a
grammatical connection, "køn", which is related to "can" (and
"gender" in fact, but that is father away). The old, and now
forgotten, meaning was that which a man could produce = family,
and more general: "Adams køn" = the whole human race.

Today it means human gender, "hankøn" = "male" and "hunkøn" =
female. It is not true that we do not have the genders. "Han" =
"he" and "hun" = "she", and we have many other pronouns which are
masculine or feminine. You are thinking of our substantives that
are either fælleskøn (common gender) or intetkøn (nothing gender
= neuter).

> In the course of writing the above paragraph, I googled to
> double-check my belief about the Danish grammatical genders.
> Googling on "Danish gender" turned up a whole lot of articles
> about the "Danish gender wage gap". Does that mean that neuters
> are paid less in Denmark?

No, I think it means that "Danish sex wage gap" might be
misunderstood.

Merriam-Webster does not mention grammatical gender under "sex".

Signature

Bertel, Denmark

Mark Brader - 27 Sep 2009 03:06 GMT
Bertel Hansen:
> We have another word that can be used in both a sexual and a
> grammatical connection, "køn", which is related to "can" (and
> "gender" in fact, but that is father away). The old, and now
> forgotten, meaning was that which a man could produce ...

Typo of the day (inside the parentheses).
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Toronto                      nationality as a healthy man of his bones."
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Steve Hayes - 27 Sep 2009 05:15 GMT
>I can never suppress a feeling of irritation when I hear "gender" to
>mean "sex". Yes, I know it's a lost cause. Still, it leads me to
>wonder whether the same substitution would be impossible in Danish,
>where the two genders are *not* masculine and feminine.

It certainly causes great confusion, as in media reports about the "gender" of
the athlete Caster Semenya.

Is the quality in question her sex or her gender?

They say she is to undergo "gender" tests, and then describe sex tests.

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Steve Hayes from Tshwane, South Africa
Web:  http://hayesfam.bravehost.com/stevesig.htm
Blog: http://methodius.blogspot.com
E-mail - see web page, or parse: shayes at dunelm full stop org full stop uk

annily - 27 Sep 2009 09:29 GMT
>> I can never suppress a feeling of irritation when I hear "gender" to
>> mean "sex". Yes, I know it's a lost cause. Still, it leads me to
[quoted text clipped - 7 lines]
>
> They say she is to undergo "gender" tests, and then describe sex tests.

What is the difference in your usage, since one of the definitions of
"gender" is the same as "sex" anyway?
Steve Hayes - 27 Sep 2009 11:29 GMT
>>> I can never suppress a feeling of irritation when I hear "gender" to
>>> mean "sex". Yes, I know it's a lost cause. Still, it leads me to
[quoted text clipped - 10 lines]
>What is the difference in your usage, since one of the definitions of
>"gender" is the same as "sex" anyway?

In my usage p0ersons have sex and grammatical constructions have gender, but
in other people's usage gender is the social construction of sex, as opposed
to biological. In the case of Caster Semenya, her gender is not in doubt --
her parents thought she was a girl, brought her up as a girl, and so her
gender is not in doubt. Her sex, however, might be.

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Steve Hayes from Tshwane, South Africa
Web:  http://hayesfam.bravehost.com/stevesig.htm
Blog: http://methodius.blogspot.com
E-mail - see web page, or parse: shayes at dunelm full stop org full stop uk

annily - 27 Sep 2009 12:02 GMT
>>>> I can never suppress a feeling of irritation when I hear "gender" to
>>>> mean "sex". Yes, I know it's a lost cause. Still, it leads me to
[quoted text clipped - 13 lines]
> in other people's usage gender is the social construction of sex, as opposed
> to biological.

Not necessarily here in Australia at least, according to my experience
and this quote from the Macquarie Dictionary:
-----
A distinction is sometimes made between gender and sex, such that gender
refers to socially conditioned characteristics or typical behaviour, and
sex to the physical characteristics of men and women. This distinction
does not seem to have become widely accepted, however. Some people may
prefer gender to sex because of the frequent use of sex in the sense of
`sexual intercourse'.

------
Joe Fineman - 27 Sep 2009 22:35 GMT
> Not necessarily here in Australia at least, according to my
> experience and this quote from the Macquarie Dictionary:
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
>however. Some people may prefer gender to sex because of the frequent
>use of sex in the sense of `sexual intercourse'.

When I was a boy, the genders were masculine, feminine, & neuter, the
sexes were male & female, and f.cking was f.cking.  I first began
hearing & reading "gender" in the sense of sex in the late 1970s (in
the U.S.).  The motive was pretty clearly the last one mentioned, as
stated by W. V. O. Quine in his book _Quiddities_ (1987) s.v. Gender:

 The latter-day upheaval in sexual mores has increased the
 frequency of occasions for referring politely to copulation, and
 has thus created a demand for a short but equally polite word for
 the practice.  The word _sex_ has been pressed into that service,
 and thus rendered less convenient as a means of referring to the
 sexes.  The resulting need has been met in turn by calling the
 sexes _genders_.

IMO, however, another motive was at work here.  The same upheaval
meant an increase in awareness & approval of sexual activities other
than copulation, and "sex" had the additional convenience of including
them -- for some speakers.  Some of us may recall President Clinton's
awkward attempt to take advantage of the resulting ambiguity.
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||:  The difference between theory & practice: in theory there is  :||
||:  no difference; in practice there is.                          :||
Nick - 27 Sep 2009 13:48 GMT
>>I can never suppress a feeling of irritation when I hear "gender" to
>>mean "sex". Yes, I know it's a lost cause. Still, it leads me to
[quoted text clipped - 7 lines]
>
> They say she is to undergo "gender" tests, and then describe sex tests.

As I ranted on that subject recently, they - as you say - say "she is
going to undergo gender tests".  Yet in that very statement they've
accepted her gender - they've called her "her".  I don't think there's
any doubt at all that she is of female gender - and in more than just a
purely grammatical way.
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Mark Brader - 26 Sep 2009 19:38 GMT
Bertel Hansen:
> I think we tend to use associations. Take the word "joystick"
> which has been Danish for some time. Some people associate it
> with "en tændstik" (a match) and others associate it with "et
> stik" (an electrical device on the wall to plug into - is this
> called a point?).

"Socket" or "outlet" in North America.  It could be preceded by
"electrical" (or more informally by "electric") if you want to
distinguish it from some other sort of socket or outlet.

I grew up calling it a "plug", which properly refers to the thing
you plug into it, but I'm not sure if anyone else does that.  The
Danish usage reminds me of that.

In Britain I believe it's a "power point", which might be shortened
to "point", but I'm ready to be connected.  Er, corrected.

Incidentally, the French verb for plugging something into a socket
is "brancher".  You're branching off the circuit, see?
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Peter Duncanson (BrE) - 26 Sep 2009 19:53 GMT
>Bertel Hansen:
>> I think we tend to use associations. Take the word "joystick"
[quoted text clipped - 13 lines]
>In Britain I believe it's a "power point", which might be shortened
>to "point", but I'm ready to be connected.  Er, corrected.

In Britain "power point" is not unknown but "socket" is much more usual.
They are sold to both amateurs and the trade as "sockets":
http://www.screwfix.com/cats/A231876/Electrical-Supplies/Switches-Sockets

>Incidentally, the French verb for plugging something into a socket
>is "brancher".  You're branching off the circuit, see?

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the Omrud - 26 Sep 2009 23:34 GMT
>> Bertel Hansen:
>>> I think we tend to use associations. Take the word "joystick"
[quoted text clipped - 16 lines]
> They are sold to both amateurs and the trade as "sockets":
> http://www.screwfix.com/cats/A231876/Electrical-Supplies/Switches-Sockets

For reasons I've never understood, the electrical trade term for what we
all call a "plug" is "plug top".

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David

annily - 27 Sep 2009 01:50 GMT
>> Bertel Hansen:
>>> I think we tend to use associations. Take the word "joystick"
[quoted text clipped - 16 lines]
> They are sold to both amateurs and the trade as "sockets":
> http://www.screwfix.com/cats/A231876/Electrical-Supplies/Switches-Sockets

Here in Australia "power point" is quite common, at least for old timers
like me. I would still understand "socket" or "outlet", though, but I
would only use "plug" for the thing that goes into the socket.
HVS - 28 Sep 2009 22:03 GMT
On 26 Sep 2009, Peter Duncanson (BrE) wrote

>> In Britain I believe it's a "power point", which might be
>> shortened to "point", but I'm ready to be connected.  Er,
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
> http://www.screwfix.com/cats/A231876/Electrical-Supplies/Switches
> -Sockets

To be picky (hey: it's what we do here, no?), I'd say that you
purchase a "socket", but that once it's installed in the house, it's
a "point".

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Cheers, Harvey
CanEng and BrEng, indiscriminately mixed

Peter Moylan - 29 Sep 2009 00:24 GMT
> On 26 Sep 2009, Peter Duncanson (BrE) wrote
>
[quoted text clipped - 11 lines]
> purchase a "socket", but that once it's installed in the house, it's
> a "point".

To me, an electrical engineer, it's a female plug before it's
installed, and a power point once it's in place.

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Steve Hayes - 27 Sep 2009 05:17 GMT
>"Socket" or "outlet" in North America.  It could be preceded by
>"electrical" (or more informally by "electric") if you want to
[quoted text clipped - 3 lines]
>you plug into it, but I'm not sure if anyone else does that.  The
>Danish usage reminds me of that.

I call it a "plug" too.

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Joe Fineman - 27 Sep 2009 22:42 GMT
>>"Socket" or "outlet" in North America.  It could be preceded by
>>"electrical" (or more informally by "electric") if you want to
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
>
> I call it a "plug" too.

When I was little we called it a "plugplace", but I think that was
family slang.  "Outlet" is what I usually say, tho I would not raise
my eyebrows at "socket".  Once one gets away from ordinary electric
power that comes out of walls, tho, the term for the things on the
ends of cables, on the backs of chassis, etc., is "connector" (male or
female, as the case may be).
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Maria Conlon - 28 Sep 2009 01:30 GMT
>>> "Socket" or "outlet" in North America.  It could be preceded by
>>> "electrical" (or more informally by "electric") if you want to
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
>>
>> I call it a "plug" too.

I assume you're talking about the thing you plug the plug into. (Right?)
Well, for me, it's "socket" or "outlet" or "wall plug," or even, simply,
"the wall."

> When I was little we called it a "plugplace", but I think that was
> family slang.  "Outlet" is what I usually say, tho I would not raise
> my eyebrows at "socket".

Does anyone call it the "receptor"? It receives things, after all (as
well as sends).

> ......Once one gets away from ordinary electric
> power that comes out of walls, tho, the term for the things on the
> ends of cables, on the backs of chassis, etc., is "connector" (male or
> female, as the case may be).

As for the "plug" on the end of the cord, could we call it the "power
seeker"? (No, it probably couldn't. That name is taken by certain kinds
of humans.)

I realize that electrical connections are not my true métier, but the
names people choose to call things are always interesting (and maybe
even revealing?).

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Maria Conlon

Peter Duncanson (BrE) - 28 Sep 2009 13:14 GMT
>>>> "Socket" or "outlet" in North America.  It could be preceded by
>>>> "electrical" (or more informally by "electric") if you want to
[quoted text clipped - 16 lines]
>Does anyone call it the "receptor"? It receives things, after all (as
>well as sends).

I have met the term "receptacle", of which OED says:

   Chiefly U.S. An electrical socket.

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Peter Duncanson, UK
(in alt.usage.english)

Garrett Wollman - 28 Sep 2009 21:05 GMT
>I have met the term "receptacle", of which OED says:
>
>    Chiefly U.S. An electrical socket.

I was just about to post that "receptacle" is the official
electrician's techspeak.  The male connector is called a "plug".
Hence the standard electrical socket is the NEMA 5-15R, which will
accept a NEMA 5-15P plug.  (In commercial buildings in the U.S., the
NEMA 5-20R is common, which will accept a 5-15P or a 5-20P, but AIUI
this is not allowed in Canada, so the Canadian version of the 5-20R
will only accept a 5-20P.)  The first number indicates the wiring
configuration (5 = 120 V, single-phase with neutral and ground) and
the second number indicates the current rating in amperes.  (Other
common configurations include 6, 208 or 240 V, single-phase, with
ground; 10, 208 or 240 V, single-phase, with neutral but ungrounded;
14, 240 V, center-tap single-phase, with neutral and ground; and 21,
240 V, three-phase, with neutral and ground.)

-GAWollman
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John Varela - 28 Sep 2009 16:15 GMT
>  Once one gets away from ordinary electric
> power that comes out of walls, tho, the term for the things on the
> ends of cables, on the backs of chassis, etc., is "connector" (male or
> female, as the case may be).

A connector on the end of a cord is a "plug"; a connector mounted on
a surface is a "jack".

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Trade NEWlamps for OLDlamps for email

HVS - 28 Sep 2009 22:06 GMT
On 26 Sep 2009, Mark Brader wrote

> Bertel Hansen:
>> I think we tend to use associations. Take the word "joystick"
[quoted text clipped - 9 lines]
> I grew up calling it a "plug", which properly refers to the thing
> you plug into it, but I'm not sure if anyone else does that.

That was definitely what we called the wall thingie when I was a kid
in Canada: you plugged the plug into the plug.

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Cheers, Harvey
CanEng and BrEng, indiscriminately mixed

Default User - 28 Sep 2009 23:12 GMT
> On 26 Sep 2009, Mark Brader wrote
>
[quoted text clipped - 14 lines]
> That was definitely what we called the wall thingie when I was a kid
> in Canada: you plugged the plug into the plug.

When I was a lad, it was called a "plug-in" in my family. We had eight
children, so I don't know if this was something that common terminology
of either of my parent's, or if it something invented as kiddie-talk.

Brian

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Roland Hutchinson - 28 Sep 2009 23:13 GMT
> On 26 Sep 2009, Mark Brader wrote
>
[quoted text clipped - 13 lines]
> That was definitely what we called the wall thingie when I was a kid in
> Canada: you plugged the plug into the plug.

It certainly keeps things simple.

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annily - 29 Sep 2009 03:15 GMT
>> On 26 Sep 2009, Mark Brader wrote
>>
[quoted text clipped - 13 lines]
>
> It certainly keeps things simple.

But extremely confusing.
HVS - 29 Sep 2009 08:15 GMT
On 29 Sep 2009, annily wrote

>>> On 26 Sep 2009, Mark Brader wrote
>>>
[quoted text clipped - 18 lines]
>
> But extremely confusing.

I don't recall it ever resulting in confusion, though:  context is
king in these things.

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Cheers, Harvey
CanEng and BrEng, indiscriminately mixed

Skitt - 29 Sep 2009 18:35 GMT
>>>> Bertel Hansen:

>>>>> I think we tend to use associations. Take the word "joystick"
>>>>> which has been Danish for some time. Some people associate it
[quoted text clipped - 13 lines]
>
> But extremely confusing.

Naah -- simply confusing.
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Skitt (AmE)

Robert Bannister - 25 Sep 2009 02:07 GMT
> Peter Duncanson (BrE) asked [on the issue of phonetic spelling]:-
>
[quoted text clipped - 31 lines]
> of non-phonetic spellings. This number would be much less than that of the
> complicated non-phonetic spelling system we currently use.

Does that mean the letter "o" would have to go and be replaced by "a"?
And what about words like "era" that Americans appear to pronounce as
"error"?

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Rob Bannister

Guy Barry - 25 Sep 2009 07:59 GMT
> Can anybody explain why "four" and "fourteen" both have a "u", but "forty"
> does not?

It's particularly anomalous when you consider the pattern "thirteen/thirty",
"fifteen/fifty" etc.

Spelling of the ordinals is a particular minefield.  It's rarely pointed out
that the spelling "eighth" reflects neither the pronunciation nor the
derivation - on both grounds it ought to be "eightth", but presumably that
was rejected on grounds of its bizarre appearance.  (Cf. "Southampton",
which really ought to be "Southhampton".)

Then there's "ninth", which has no indication of the long "i", and the
notorious "twelfth", which must be one of the most misspelt and
mispronounced words in the language.  I think there was even a recent
proposal to change the spelling to "twelth" to reflect the commonest
pronunciation.  (It's significant that there appear to be no words rhyming
with "fifth", "sixth", "eighth", "ninth", "tenth" and "twelfth" - and
"seventh" and "eleventh" only rhyme with each other!)

What I've never understood is why there's an extra syllable in "twentieth",
after a vowel where it's not really needed, but not after a consonant which
would make the forms far more euphonious and easier to spell.  Imagine
"fiveth", "sixeth", "seveneth", "eighteth", "nineth", "tenneth", "eleveneth"
and "twelveth" - much simpler!

--
Guy Barry
Bertel Lund Hansen - 25 Sep 2009 09:34 GMT
Guy Barry skrev:

> > Can anybody explain why "four" and "fourteen" both have a "u", but "forty"
> > does not?

> It's particularly anomalous when you consider the pattern "thirteen/thirty",
> "fifteen/fifty" etc.

James Hogg has already pointed out that the first syllables in
"four" and "forteen" are pronounced differently. That is not the
case with the corresponding names for the other numbers.

> Spelling of the ordinals is a particular minefield.  It's rarely pointed out
> that the spelling "eighth" reflects neither the pronunciation nor the
> derivation - on both grounds it ought to be "eightth"

Not so long ago the German spelling was revised. One of the
changes is that e.g. "Schifffahrt" now keeps all three f's.
Previously three such consonants were written only as two:
"Schiffahrt". The word is composed of two words, "Schiff" and
"Fahrt".

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Bertel, Denmark

James Hogg - 25 Sep 2009 09:50 GMT
Quoth Bertel Lund Hansen <unospamo@lundhansen.dk>, and I quote:

>Guy Barry skrev:
>
[quoted text clipped - 7 lines]
>"four" and "forteen" are pronounced differently. That is not the
>case with the corresponding names for the other numbers.

Not quite. I was pointing out that some dialects (at least in
Scotland and Ireland) have an open /o/ sound in "four" and
"fourteen" and a closed /O/ in "forty" (and "fortnight"). The
latter represents a shortening of the vowel some time in the
history of English, a change reflected in the standard spelling.
The distinction has since been obscured by the effect of the /r/
in most (I think) varieties of English.

>> Spelling of the ordinals is a particular minefield.  It's rarely pointed out
>> that the spelling "eighth" reflects neither the pronunciation nor the
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
>"Schiffahrt". The word is composed of two words, "Schiff" and
>"Fahrt".

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James

Guy Barry - 25 Sep 2009 14:10 GMT
> James Hogg has already pointed out that the first syllables in
> "four" and "forteen" are pronounced differently. That is not the
> case with the corresponding names for the other numbers.

I'm afraid that "forteen" is an incorrect spelling - it's "fourteen"!  It
goes to show how confusing this issue is.

And in my dialect at least, the first syllables of "four", "fourteen" and
"forty" are all pronounced the same.

--
Guy Barry
Amethyst Deceiver - 25 Sep 2009 15:29 GMT
> Guy Barry skrev:
>
[quoted text clipped - 7 lines]
> "four" and "forteen" are pronounced differently. That is not the
> case with the corresponding names for the other numbers.

In my variety of English there is no difference in pronunciation of the
first syllables of 4, 14 and 40. The vowel is the same in all three.

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Linz
Wet Yorks via Cambridge, York, London and Watford
My accent may vary

Jeffrey Turner - 25 Sep 2009 16:38 GMT
>> Can anybody explain why "four" and "fourteen" both have a "u", but "forty"
>> does not?
[quoted text clipped - 7 lines]
> was rejected on grounds of its bizarre appearance.  (Cf. "Southampton",
> which really ought to be "Southhampton".)

Really?  I pronounce eighth "ayth."  I don't see where another 't' would
befit the pronunciation.

--Jeff

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depended upon an abundant supply of
the poor. --Voltaire

Guy Barry - 25 Sep 2009 16:55 GMT
> > Spelling of the ordinals is a particular minefield.  It's rarely pointed out
> > that the spelling "eighth" reflects neither the pronunciation  nor the
[quoted text clipped - 4 lines]
> Really?  I pronounce eighth "ayth."  I don't see where another 't' would
> befit the pronunciation.

Well I've only ever heard /eItT/ , and it's the only pronunciation listed in
my dictionary, though some of the online sources give /eIT/ as an
alternative.  Is it common where you are?

--
Guy Barry
Jeffrey Turner - 26 Sep 2009 01:57 GMT
>>> Spelling of the ordinals is a particular minefield.  It's rarely pointed
> out
[quoted text clipped - 9 lines]
> my dictionary, though some of the online sources give /eIT/ as an
> alternative.  Is it common where you are?

Dunno.  It hardly comes up in conversation, especially since the stock
market went to pennies.

--Jeff

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The comfort of the wealthy has always
depended upon an abundant supply of
the poor. --Voltaire

Prai Jei - 26 Sep 2009 13:33 GMT
Guy Barry set the following eddies spiralling through the space-time
continuum:

> would make the forms far more euphonious and easier to spell.  Imagine
> "fiveth", "sixeth", "seveneth", "eighteth", "nineth", "tenneth",
> "eleveneth" and "twelveth" - much simpler!

So why do the Krauts say siebzehn, siebzig, siebte which (presumably) are
scrunchings of original siebenzehn, siebenzig, siebente respectively?
Similarly a few other ordinals: drei, dritte - and acht, achte by exact
analogy with the English.

I'm happy with the correct spellings and never had any great difficulty in
spelling or leaning to read. In *my* infants' school days (start of the
1960's) we were still taught the correct spellings and pronunciations
rather than left to grope in the dark with ITA, phonics and other weird and
wonderful systems that have sprung up since my time.

The one big difficulty I recall as a kid was with words that end in -ine
where that ending is pronounced "in", e.g. "engine", "genuine". For some
reason I always wanted to insert an e before the ending to make "engeine"
or "genueine". This was possibly in a vague attempt to mark the different
pronunciation, for I had no such problem where the ending had its more
usual pronunciation e.g. "line", "combine".
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